[nickel Cobalt Lithium Summit] Lithium Resources and Development status of Salt Lake in China Development and cost Evolution of Lithium extraction Technology from Salt Lake

SMM7: at the 2020 (Fifth) China International Nickel-Cobalt-Lithium Summit Forum and China International Conference on New Energy Lithium Materials held by SMM, Hou Zhaoping, deputy general manager of Minmetals Salt Lake Co., Ltd., brought us a wonderful speech on the development process and prospect of salt lake lithium extraction technology.

Lithium resources and development status of salt lakes in China

Hou Zhaoping said that at present, there are two kinds of lithium deposits that can be developed and utilized worldwide, one is salt lake brine lithium deposit, and the other is rock lithium deposit, of which salt lake brine lithium resources account for more than 70% of the total resources. mainly distributed in Chile, Bolivia, Argentina, China and other places.

The lithium salt lake resources in China are mainly distributed in Qinghai and Tibet. Among them, there are 10 lithium ore producing areas with mineral reserves in Qinghai salt lake resources, with lithium chloride reserves of 24.4738 million tons. There are two super-large deposits in Chaerhan Salt Lake and Bieltan mining area, and three super-large deposits in Xitai, East Taijinel Lake and Yiliping mining area. The lithium content of 10 salt lakes reaches 8.92 million t of industrial grade lithium resources, which can be developed and utilized.

The salt lake resources in Tibet are mainly distributed in northwest Tibet, among which there are 80 salt lakes whose lithium content in brine reaches the boundary industrial grade, of which 8 are large and above, and the reserves of LiCl resources are 17.3834 million tons. The main deposits are salt lakes such as Zabuye, Longmu Cuo, Jiezecha Ka, La Guocuo, Eyatso and so on.

Development course and cost Evolution of Lithium extraction Technology in Salt Lake

Before the 1960s, the research on the technology of extracting lithium from brine had started, and the United States had done a lot of work in this area, but most of them only stayed in the stage of research and development and could not be put into practical application. Since 1974, with the discovery of a large number of salt lake brine lithium resources, it has promoted the development and investment enthusiasm of some major brine lithium resources and lithium mining enterprises in the world. After 1980, American Cyprus Fute Company, FMC and other companies began to enter the field of lithium extraction from salt lake on a large scale, which opened the prelude to the industrialization of lithium extraction from salt lake.

Salt lake lithium extraction technology mainly includes precipitation method, solar pool method, extraction method, calcination method, adsorption method, mo method and other new lithium extraction technologies.

Precipitation method

The precipitation method is only suitable for salt lake brines with Mg2+/Li+ less than 10, so this technique has been applied in salt lakes with low Mg2+/Li+, such as Atacama, Yinfeng and Umbrierto in South America. This technology can realize the separation of magnesium and lithium in the salt field process, and concentrate the Li+ to more than 30g/l, and the latter process only needs deep impurity removal to meet the production demand, and has the advantages of simple process technology, low energy consumption, low investment and so on.

Because of the above advantages, as early as 1986, Fute Company in Cyprus of the United States stopped its industrial production of lithium extraction from spodumene and used this process to invest in the construction of lithium carbonate processing plants in Yinfeng, Nevada and Atacama Salt Lake in South America, opening the prelude to extracting lithium from brine. In 1997, SQM successfully extracted lithium from the salt lake of Atacama (valence Atakama) in Chile, reducing the price of lithium carbonate to 1500 million (while the international price was 3300 million in the same period), which had a great impact on the hard rock lithium industry all over the world. In 2018, four salt lake lithium extraction companies, Yabao, SQM, Livent and Orocobre, used this technology to produce a total of 158000 tons of lithium chemical products, accounting for 52.4% of the world's total lithium supply, with a production cost of about 3000 million tons, which has certain advantages in the industry. As the technology is simple and mature, the cost composition has not changed basically in the past 40 years, and the price change is mainly due to rising prices and higher labor costs.

Solar cell method

The process route is developed for carbonate salt lakes with very low Mg2+/Li+ (≤ 0.1). Because the magnesium content in the brine of the carbonate type salt lake is very low, 60% and 70% of the crude lithium carbonate ore can be obtained by drying the brine directly, and the battery-grade lithium carbonate product can be obtained by purifying the crude lithium carbonate ore in the latter stage.

In March 2003, Zabuye Salt Lake used this technology to start the construction of the first phase of lithium carbonate project, which was successfully tested in August 2005. However, due to the large loss in the brine drying process caused by the carbonate radical in the salt lake, coupled with the problems of cold and hypoxia above 4000 meters above sea level and poor basic conditions, the increase of production capacity is limited. At present, the design capacity is still 3000t Unia, and the total production of lithium salt in 2017 is 2728t. As the technology has not changed in the past ten years, the cost composition has not changed significantly, and the current production cost is about 15,000-20,000 yuan.

Extraction method

The research on the technology of extracting lithium from brine by solvent extraction has a history of more than 40 years, which has been studied by American Lithium Company, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qinghai Salt Lake Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences and so on.

At present, an industrial plant has been built in Dachaidan Salt Lake by using this technology, and lithium chloride and lithium carbonate have been successfully produced. However, due to the discontinuous production caused by high extractant price, high loss and equipment corrosion in the initial stage, the cost has been as high as 60,000 yuan. In recent years, with the continuous progress of this technology, the current production cost is about 40,000 yuan.

Calcination method

The calcination method is a technology proposed for salt lake brine with high mg-Li ratio. Due to the high magnesium lithium salt lake brine beach concentrated to the last brine (old brine) is lithium-rich brucite saturated solution. Brucite is decomposed into magnesium oxide and hydrogen chloride above 550 ℃, and lithium chloride does not decompose under these conditions. When the calcined sinter is leached, lithium salt soluble in water enters the solution, magnesium oxide is almost insoluble in water and remains in slag, and impurities such as sulfate, magnesium and a small amount of boron in the leaching solution can be obtained by evaporation, alkali precipitation and drying after filtrate purification.

The calcination process production line was built in Xitai Jinel Salt Lake from 2007 to 2011. at the beginning of the project, due to the problems of equipment material selection, hydrogen chloride recovery and magnesium slag recovery, the production was not continuous and the cost was more than 80,000 yuan. With the hot lithium salt market in 2015, the company launched a number of scientific and technological research and development and technical transformation work. After the completion of the transformation in 2016, the problems affecting the operation of the process have been improved, and the production cost has been reduced to about 40,000 yuan (equivalent to the cost of most ore lithium extraction enterprises), especially the product quality has been greatly improved. at present, the products have been applied to some large and influential battery material production enterprises, such as Beijing Dangsheng Technology.

Adsorption method

Mo method

In 2007, the 3000tmo process production plant was successfully built in Dongtai Jinel Salt Lake. At the beginning of the project, due to the unstable operation of the device and high membrane consumption, the cost exceeded 60,000 yuan. Later, with the mastery of electrodialysis membrane system and the upgrading of electrodialysis membrane manufacturing technology, the problem of unstable operation of the device has been gradually solved, and the production cost has been greatly reduced to about 20,000 yuan, which has a great cost advantage over the technology of extracting lithium by ore method. In 2012, another 7000t production line was built and successfully produced. After several years of upgrading and transformation, the two production lines have a total capacity of 10,000 tons. At present, the two production lines can produce more than 99.6% of the main content at one time. The product quality is fully up to the "local standard of brine battery-grade lithium carbonate", and 90% of the products are sold to battery material manufacturers. Representative downstream customers are Peking University, Tianjin Bamo, Shanshan, and Beijing Dangsheng.

At present, the 10,000 t production line newly built by Qinghai Dongtai Jinel Lithium Resources Co., Ltd. has been completed and put into production. Up to now, the production capacity of the industrial plant built by this technology has reached 20,000 t / a.

Other new lithium extraction technologies

1. Technology of extracting Lithium by adsorption of Lithium Ion sieve

Ion sieve is a new type of synthetic material which can introduce target ions into inorganic compounds and react to form complex oxides. The material can form spatially matched holes with the target ions without damaging the structure, and can selectively identify and screen the target ions in the environment where multiple ions coexist.

The common lithium ion sieves are manganese-based lithium ion sieve and titanium-based lithium ion sieve. Compared with aluminum lithium adsorbents, this material has the advantages of large adsorption capacity, but it also has the disadvantage of serious solution loss. In recent years, in order to solve the problem of solution loss of lithium ion sieve, scientists have developed advanced materials such as lithium ion sieve membrane and lithium ion sieve nanotubes. at present, these materials are still in the stage of research and development.

2. Technology of extracting Lithium from Salt Lake by Electrochemical de-intercalation

Professor Zhao Zhongwei, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, applied the working principle of lithium-ion battery to selectively extract lithium from salt lake brine and creatively invented a new technology of "electrochemical de-intercalation method for extracting lithium from salt lake". Based on this innovative idea, a new electrochemical lithium extraction system of "lithium-rich adsorption material" supporting electrolyte "anionic membrane" and "brine" is constructed. After nearly a decade of tackling key problems, the high selectivity, low cost, green extraction and enrichment of lithium in salt lake brine have been realized.

In 2017, the technology achievement was transferred to Shanghai Danhua Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd. (transfer funds of 104.8 million yuan), and Jiangsu Zhongnan Lithium Industry Co., Ltd. was jointly established by Shanghai Danhua and Central South University to continuously develop and promote the technology. It is reported that the industrial test of the achievement transformation technology has been completed, and the key equipment and intelligent expert control system of the second generation electrochemical de-intercalation membrane stack electrolyzer have been developed, and the technical cooperation agreement of the project with an annual output of 20,000 tons of lithium carbonate has been signed with relevant enterprises.

Prospect

In the past decade, although the technology of extracting lithium from salt lakes with high mg-Li ratio has made great achievements, compared with the low mg-Li ratio salt lakes in South America, there is still a lot of room for improvement in production cost. In the future, with the lithium resources development process accelerating capacity release and other factors, if the market price continues to decline, many enterprises with high costs and lack of resources will be difficult to support, or even lose money and stop production.

In order to achieve sustainable development in the fierce market competition, increasing investment in science and technology, improving and optimizing processes, improving product quality and reducing production costs are the problems that need to be considered for every lithium extraction enterprise with high mg-Li ratio in salt lake.

1. Timely and appropriate revision of product standards

The early lithium salt technology originated from the extraction of lithium from ores, and the contents of boron and chloride in lithium-bearing ores are very low. Under this background, the battery-grade lithium carbonate industry standard (YS/T582) requires very high impurities such as boron and chloride (≤ 30ppm). Is this more stringent boron and chlorine index requirement necessary for battery-grade lithium carbonate?

At present, the technology of extracting lithium from salt lake brine is difficult to meet the requirements of boron and chloride in YS/T-582-2013, and it needs secondary purification to achieve it, which leads to high production cost. In order to effectively solve the common problems of boron and chloride index of salt lake lithium extraction technology in lithium industry, it is suggested that the government, industry associations and upstream and downstream enterprises should explore the influence of boron and chloride on battery-grade lithium carbonate by necessary means. timely and appropriate revision of the current product industry standards. Formulate more scientific product quality standards to promote the promotion and application of salt lake lithium products in the battery field.

2. Comprehensive development and utilization of salt lake resources.

Salt lake resources mainly contain sodium, magnesium, potassium, lithium, boron and other elements. the development and utilization of magnesium and boron resources in these five elements is the bottleneck of the development and utilization of salt lake resources. if we solve the problem of the development and utilization of magnesium and boron resources, it will greatly reduce the difficulty of the development and utilization of other elements. at the same time, magnesium products have a wide range of applications, high added value, and have greater economic development and utilization value.

The development and utilization of magnesium and boron resources is expected to transfer the cost of separation and removal of magnesium and lithium with high mg-Li ratio to magnesium and boron products. At that time, the production cost of lithium products will be greatly reduced and will have the ability to compete with South American salt lakes.

3. Direct extraction of Lithium from original Brine

The traditional technology of extracting lithium from salt lake is based on the old brine obtained by removing sodium and potassium from salt field. There is usually some loss of lithium resources in the process of salt field drying, mining and transporting bittern, which is mainly reflected in the leakage of salt field and the loss of entrainment in sodium salt and potassium salt.

Lithium extraction by raw brine adsorption directly uses original brine as raw material, which effectively avoids the loss in salt field process, greatly improves the yield of lithium resources, prolongs the service life of lithium resources, expands the production scale and reduces the production cost.

In recent years, with the development of adsorption and extraction technology, many scientific research institutions and enterprises have developed lithium-sodium separation resin suitable for extracting lithium from original halogen, and have made some achievements in the field of extracting lithium from original halogen. At present, a number of enterprises are non-stop to tackle related scientific and technological problems.

4. Attach importance to scientific and technological research and development and learn from each other

At present, there is a certain gap between the product quality of these lithium extraction (lithium carbonate) processes and the battery material requirements, mainly due to the characteristics of salt lake brine raw materials and process control problems resulting in high lithium carbonate products Na+, Mg2+, Cl-, B, some processes lithium carbonate products with the main content between 98% and 99.5%, can not be directly used in the lithium battery material industry.

Therefore, while strengthening scientific and technological research and development, various mature salt lake lithium extraction technologies learn from each other and learn from each other, which will help to improve product quality and reduce production costs.

5. Differential competition

At present, whether it is lithium extraction from ore or salt lake, the main products are lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide, especially the homogeneous competition of lithium carbonate products, which affects the good development of the industry. If the major lithium salt manufacturers produce different products according to their own characteristics of raw materials, differential competition will be conducive to the development of the industry. For example, the production of lithium hydroxide products by ore method, the production of lithium carbonate in carbonate salt lake (Zabuye, Tibet) and the production of lithium phosphate in Qinghai salt lake can not only give full play to their own advantages, but also avoid the pressure brought by homogenization competition.

The outbreak of the new coronavirus at the end of 2019 has a great impact on the overall global economy, and the lithium industry is no exception. However, the lithium industry is, after all, a new energy industry and a sunrise industry, and the development of society is inseparable from energy, especially the new type of clean energy. Judging from the current situation, the slight decrease in lithium sales caused by the epidemic in the short term will not affect the development trend and price changes of the industry. At present, the lithium power industry has entered a period of growth and will encounter some difficulties. However, with the development of lithium extraction technology in salt lake, the existing difficulties and problems of lithium extraction technology with high mg / Li ratio in salt lake will be solved. Firmly believe that the lithium industry will have a huge space for development in the future, let us work together to create a better tomorrow for the lithium industry!

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