Vietnam Pulls the Export Plug: A New Gatekeeper Emerges in the Rare Earth Race

December 11, 2025

Highlights

• Vietnam’s National Assembly approved a ban on unprocessed rare earth ore exports effective January 2026.
• All rare earths are classified as strategic national assets under exclusive state control.
• The amended law requires foreign companies to invest in domestic processing facilities or partner with state-approved operators.
• This move reflects Vietnam’s ambition to transition from a raw material supplier to a midstream powerhouse.
• This strategic shift mirrors Indonesia’s nickel export ban approach.
• Vietnam is positioned as a new pressure point in the global rare earth supply chain amid China’s export restrictions.

Did a quiet legislative earthquake just hit in Hanoi? Vietnam’s decision to ban the export of unprocessed rare earth ores, approved this week by the National Assembly, may be the most consequential supply-chain story that Western analysts haven’t fully absorbed yet.

While framed as a domestic governance update, the amended Geology and Minerals Law—effective January 1, 2026—fundamentally redraws who gets access to Southeast Asia’s most promising rare earth reserves. With 3.5 million tons of REE resources, Vietnam sits on the sixth-largest global stash, and now the state intends to hold that wealth very close.

This is not merely resource nationalism. It is a strategy.

What's Inside

The State as Architect, Gatekeeper, and Partner

Scooped by Reuters(opens in a new tab), Vietnam will now classify all rare earths as strategic national assets, placing exploration, mining, and processing under strict state control. Only government-designated enterprises will be allowed to touch the deposits; geological data becomes state-managed; production must conform to a national rare earth master plan; and Hanoi will maintain strategic mineral reserves.

On the surface, these provisions are factual and entirely in line with what Reuters and regional outlets report. Yet beneath the accuracy lies a quiet but unmistakable ambition: Vietnam no longer wants to be merely a pit stop in China’s regional supply chain. The law explicitly encourages international cooperation in advanced processing, which is where the real money and geopolitical leverage reside. Rare earths are not valuable in the rocks—they are valuable for the separation and magnet-making expertise that China monopolizes.

Vietnam wants to move up the ladder, not feed it.

The Global Context: A New Pressure Point for China and the West

For rare earth investors, the timing is notable. China has imposed export bans and licensing controls on gallium, germanium, graphite, and key magnet materials. The world is looking for alternatives—and Vietnam just announced it will not ship raw ore at all. That means any company seeking Vietnamese supply will need to invest in Vietnam or partner with a state-approved operator.

This is not misinformation; it matches historical patterns. When Indonesia banned unprocessed nickel exports, global nickel pricing and supply chains shifted almost overnight. Vietnam is signaling a similar playbook.

But speculation enters the geopolitical framing: Vietnam may aspire to become a midstream powerhouse, yet building separation plants, metallization lines, and magnet facilities takes capital, energy stability, and time. Investors should watch whether Hanoi can truly pivot from ore holder to value-chain competitor—or whether foreign partners will dominate the midstream under Vietnam’s flag.

Investor Takeaway: A New Gate Has Closed—But Another May Be Opening

Vietnam’s export ban will likely limit Western manufacturers’ ability to secure cheap raw ore, but it could open a more strategic path: localized refining partnerships. The shift forces investors to rethink Vietnam not as a quarry, but as a potential processing jurisdiction—one that may welcome partners, but only on its terms.

© 2025 Rare Earth Exchanges™ – Accelerating Transparency, Accuracy, and Insight Across the Rare Earth & Critical Minerals Supply Chain.

Source: https://rareearthexchanges.com/news/vietnam-pulls-the-export-plug-a-new-gatekeeper-emerges-in-the-rare-earth-race/