[Copper seen as energy transition's biggest bottleneck: GEM Mining]
GEM Mining Consulting scores six minerals on volume pressure, technological breadth, mitigation rigidity and supply-chain fragility. Copper ranks first on its Systemic Bottleneck Index at 72.8/100, ahead of lithium at 60.8. Its use across grids, renewables, EVs, buildings, industry and data centres means constraints can propagate widely; with a refined market of tens of millions of tonnes a year, a similar percentage gap needs far more projects, capital, infrastructure and permits. MinEx Consulting's Richard Schodde says new copper deposit discoveries halved over the past decade after grassroots exploration funding fell 60%, while JPMorgan projects a 330,000-tonne deficit. Long mine lead times require faster exploration, mine development and processing capacity.